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Terraform Docker

今天安装Terraform的时候突然安装不上的情况，于是开始排查： [devops@lb01 ~/infrastructure/terraform]$ sudo dnf install terraform -y [sudo] password for devops: Sorry, try again. [sudo] password for devops: Last metadata expiration check: 2:47:45 ago on Tue 14 Apr 2026 01:05:35 PM CST. No match for argument: terraform 猜测原因：可能与我之前在rocky上折腾yum清理repo/缓存有关系

April 18, 2026

Linux Common Commands

Linux Commands in Read-World: Commands: ls cp find | xargs cat | grep | sort | uniq > >> ```bash 串联命令： ```bash find => xargs ==> cat ```bash 查找文件到处理文件内容 ```bash find . -type f -name `"*.txt"` mkdir -p ./test ls . cp ./test ./test.backup ls ./ cd ./test touch test{1..3}.txt ls . ####The `sort` command is used to sort lines of text files. ####It's a handy tool for organizing data in files. ```bash ###vim 4_17.txt apples,1 kiwis,3 kiwis,4 oranges,3 banana,10 ############################################### ###sort 4_17.txt [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ sort ./4_17.txt apples,1 banana,10 kiwis,3 kiwis,4 oranges,3 ##################################################### ###reverse: [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ sort -r ./4_17.txt oranges,3 kiwis,4 kiwis,3 banana,10 apples,1 ###################################################### ###number: [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ sort -r -t "," -k 2 -n ./4_17.txt banana,10 kiwis,4 oranges,3 kiwis,3 apples,1 ###################################################### ```bash ####man ls (for more help.) ####Alian:To create an alias, use the syntax `alias name='command'`, where `name` is the shortcut you want to use, and `command` is the full command you want to run. ```bash [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ alias ll='ls -la' [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ ll total 28 drwxr-xr-x 2 devops devops 122 Apr 15 03:28 . drwxr-xr-x 3 devops devops 19 Apr 10 17:56 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 devops devops 247 Apr 15 00:41 4_17.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 devops devops 45 Apr 15 03:20 4_17.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 devops devops 36 Apr 14 21:07 first.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 devops devops 45 Apr 14 06:46 server_performance_stats -rw-r--r-- 1 devops devops 12288 Apr 14 06:47 .server_performance_stats.swp ###In this example, `ll` lists all files in long format. ################################################### ###git status $ alias gs="git status" wang@DESKTOP-IE4JJEG MINGW64 /d/Git/cloud-native-devops-platform (main) $ gs On branch main Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'. nothing to commit, working tree clean ############################################ ```bash ####To copy a file to a remote host, use `scp file user@hostname:/path`: ```bash [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ scp ./4_17.sh root@10.0.0.6:/ root@10.0.0.6's password: 4_17.sh 100% 247 115.1KB/s 00:00 ################################################### #In other machine to detective the file: [root@web01 ~]#ip a | grep eth0 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000 inet 10.0.0.6/24 brd 10.0.0.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0 [root@web01 ~]#ls anaconda-ks.cfg DingDing_py python.py ZipFile.py [root@web01 ~]#ls / | grep 4 4_17.sh lib64 #Congratuate,it's successful!!! ```bash ####Clear the file contents: ```bash [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ > ./4_17.txt [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ ```bash --- ####The `awk` command is used for pattern scanning and processing language. ####It's useful for handling text files and used for data extraction and reporting. ```bash #Edit the file: id,Created,Amount,Currency,Description,Customer 1,2024-11-01,100,USD,Payment,John Doe 2,2024-11-02,200,EUR,Refund,Jane Smith 3,2024-11-03,150,USD,Purchase,Emily Davis 4,2024-11-04,175,GBP,Subscription,Michael Brown ############################################### #output: [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ less ./4_17.txt | awk -F"," '{print $1}' id 1 2 3 4 ```bash --- ###Sed ####The `sed` command is a stream editor used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline). ####It's a powerful tool for making quick edits to files or streams of data. ```bash #edit the file: id,Created,Amount,Currency,Description,Customer 1,2024-11-01,100,USD,Payment,John Doe 2,2024-11-02,200,EUR,Refund,Jane Smith 3,2024-11-03,150,USD,Purchase,Emily Davis 4,2024-11-04,175,GBP,Subscription,Michael Brown #################################################### #replace "2026" [devops@lb01 ~/scripts/shell]$ sed 's/2024/2026/' ./4_17.txt id,Created,Amount,Currency,Description,Customer 1,2026-11-01,100,USD,Payment,John Doe 2,2026-11-02,200,EUR,Refund,Jane Smith 3,2026-11-03,150,USD,Purchase,Emily Davis 4,2026-11-04,175,GBP,Subscription,Michael Brown ################################################# ```bash ####Options The `sed` command has options to change how it works: - `-i` - Edit files directly without needing to save separately - `-e` - Add the script to the commands to be executed - `-n` - Don't automatically print lines - `-r` - Use extended regular expressions - `-f` - Add script from a file - `-l` - Specify line length for `l` command ####Suppress Printing - The `-n` option suppresses automatic printing of pattern space. - By default, `sed` prints each line of input to the output. Using `-n` allows you to control which lines are printed, typically with the `p` command. ```bash [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ sed -n 's/sa/saaaa/p' ./test1.txt saaaafj saaaalj #less test1.txt safj salj aslkj [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ sed -n 's/as/aaa/p' ./test1.txt aaalkj [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ less ./test1.txt [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ cat ./test1.txt safj salj aslkj ```bash ####Extended Regular Expressions - The `-r` option allows the use of extended regular expressions, which provide more powerful pattern matching capabilities than basic regular expressions. - Without this option, `sed` uses basic regular expressions. ```bash #text safj salj aslkj ####################################### [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ sed -r 's/(safj|salj)/aaaa/g' test1.txt aaaa aaaa aslkj ```bash ####Script from a File - The `-f` option allows you to add a script from a file, which is useful for executing complex or multiple `sed` commands. - Without this option, you must specify the script directly in the command line. ```bash #Content of `script.sed` file: s/salj/saaalj/g #text safj salj aslkj ################################################ #sed -f ./script.sed ./test1.txt [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ sed -f ./script.sed ./test1.txt safj saaalj aslkj ```bash ####Specify Line Length - The `-l` option specifies the line length for the `l` command, which prints lines with non-printable characters. - This option is useful for formatting output when dealing with long lines. ```bash #text: alfjioaj#!$ 5345 $%#joi540238709@%%9 345%$$( lkj435 %$% #sed -l 10 'l' ./test1.txt [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ sed -l 10 'l' ./test1.txt alfjioaj#\ !$ 5345 $\ %#joi540\ 238709@%%\ 9 345%$$(\ lkj435 %\ $%$ alfjioaj#!$ 5345 $%#joi540238709@%%9 345%$$( lkj435 %$% ```bash - This option appends a `$` at the end of each line to indicate the end of the line. - 默认 `$` 换行,即使指定宽度 -1 N 也要遵守。 ######Redirect Output to a File - To save the changes made by `sed` to a file, you can redirect the output to a new file. This is useful when you don't want to overwrite the `original file` . ```bash #sed 's/a/aaaaaa/g' ./test1.txt > ./test2.txt [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ sed 's/a/aaaaaa/g' ./test1.txt > ./test2.txt [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ less ./test2.txt aaaaaalfjioaaaaaaj#!$ 5345 $%#joi540238709@%%9 345%$$( lkj435 %$% ```bash ####Using `sed` for Advanced Text Processing - Sed can perform advanced text processing tasks. For example, `sed 's/^/Prefix: /' example_text.txt` adds a prefix to each line. ```bash #text: alfjioaj#!$ 5345 $%#joi540238709@%%9 345%$$( lkj435 %$% safdsafsd arewg fdsbsfdg [devops@lb01 ~/test]$ sed 's/^/prefix: /g' ./test1.txt prefix: alfjioaj#!$ 5345 $%#joi540238709@%%9 345%$$( lkj435 %$% prefix: safdsafsd prefix: arewg prefix: fdsbsfdg ```bash ####Common Errors and Troubleshooting ####When using `sed`, you might encounter errors such as: - `"sed: command garbled" `- Check your command syntax. - `"sed: can't read file"` - Ensure the file path is correct and accessible. - Debugging tips include using `echo` to print intermediate results and verify command logic. ###rmdir ```bash `rmdir` is a command-line utility used to remove empty directories. It's a straightforward tool that helps in cleaning up directory structures by deleting directories that no longer contain any files or subdirectories. The command will return an error if the directory is not empty. ```bash ###Bash `cut` Command - Remove Sections from Lines ####The `cut` command is used to remove sections from each line of files. ####It's a useful tool for extracting specific fields of data from a file or output stream. ####All examples below use the `example.txt` file: ```bash Kai Refsnes 30,Norway Robin Smith 25,Denmark Sienna Davis 40,Germany ```bash ####Basic Usage - To extract the first field of a file, use `cut -f1 example.txt`: ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ cut -f1 example.txt Kai Robin Sienna ```bash - By default, `cut` uses a tab as the delimiter. ####Options #####The `cut` command has options to change how it works: - `-d` - Choose what separates the fields - `-f` - Select specific fields to display - `--complement` - Show all fields except the selected ones ####Specify a Delimiter - The `-d` option allows you to choose what separates the fields. ```bash #text: Kai Refsnes 30,Norway Robin Smith 25,Denmark Sienna Davis 40,Germany [devops@lb01 ~]$ cut -d ',' -f2 example.txt Norway Denmark Germany ```bash ####Select Specific Fields - The `-f` option allows you to select specific fields to display. ```bash #text: Kai Refsnes 30,Norway Robin Smith 25,Denmark Sienna Davis 40,Germany [devops@lb01 ~]$ cut -f1-2 example.txt Kai Refsnes Robin Smith Sienna Davis ```bash ####Show Complement The `--complement` option allows you to show all fields except the selected ones. ```bash #text: Kai Refsnes 30,Norway Robin Smith 25,Denmark Sienna Davis 40,Germany [devops@lb01 ~]$ cut -f1 --complement example.txt Refsnes 30,Norway Smith 25,Denmark Davis 40,Germany ```bash ####Advanced Field Extraction - Cut can perform advanced field extraction tasks. - For example, `cut -d -f2-3 example_data.txt` extracts fields 2 through 3 from the file. ```bash #text: Kai Refsnes 30,Norway Robin Smith 25,Denmark Sienna Davis 40,Germany [devops@lb01 ~]$ cut -d ' ' -f2-3 example.txt Refsnes 30,Norway Robin Smith 25,Denmark Sienna Davis 40,Germany ```bash ####Common Errors and Troubleshooting #####When using `cut`, you might encounter errors such as: - "cut: delimiter must be a single character" - Ensure the delimiter is correctly specified. - "cut: fields and positions are numbered from 1" - Remember that field and position numbering starts at 1. ####Debugging tips include checking the delimiter and field specifications to ensure they match the file's format. --- ###Bash `sort` Command - Sort Lines of Text Files ####Using the `sort` Command #####The `sort` command is used to sort lines of text files. #####It's a handy tool for organizing data in files. ### Bash `tail` Command - Display Last Part of Files - The `tail` command is used to display the last part of files. - It's particularly useful for viewing the end of log files or any file that is being updated in real-time. #### Syntax - The basic syntax of the `tail` command is: ```bashbash tail [OPTION]... [FILE]... ```bash ### Example ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail /etc/passwd sssd:x:998:997:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin chrony:x:997:996:chrony system user:/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin rsync:x:1000:1000::/home/rsync:/sbin/nologin ftpuser:x:1001:1001::/home/ftpuser:/bin/bash devops:x:1002:1002::/home/devops:/bin/bash deploy_bot:x:1003:1003::/home/deploy_bot:/bin/bash sync_runner:x:996:994::/opt/alist_sync:/sbin/nologin nginx:x:995:993:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin sre_share:x:1004:1005::/home/sre_share:/sbin/nologin ```bash #### Options ##### The `tail` command has several options to customize its behavior: - `-n [number]`: Display the last [number] lines of the file. - `-f`: Follow the file as it grows, useful for monitoring log files. - `-c [number]`: Display the last [number] bytes of the file. - `--pid=[pid]`: Terminate after the process with the given PID dies. - `--retry`: Keep trying to open a file even if it is inaccessible. #### Option: -n [number] - The `-n` option allows you to specify the number of lines to display from the end of the file. - By default, `tail` shows the last 10 lines. #### Example: Display Last 5 Lines ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail -n 5 /etc/passwd devops:x:1002:1002::/home/devops:/bin/bash deploy_bot:x:1003:1003::/home/deploy_bot:/bin/bash sync_runner:x:996:994::/opt/alist_sync:/sbin/nologin nginx:x:995:993:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin sre_share:x:1004:1005::/home/sre_share:/sbin/nologin ```bash #### Option: -f The `-f` option is used to follow a file as it grows, which is particularly useful for monitoring log files in real-time. #### Example: Follow Log File ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail -f /etc/passwd sssd:x:998:997:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin chrony:x:997:996:chrony system user:/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin rsync:x:1000:1000::/home/rsync:/sbin/nologin ftpuser:x:1001:1001::/home/ftpuser:/bin/bash devops:x:1002:1002::/home/devops:/bin/bash deploy_bot:x:1003:1003::/home/deploy_bot:/bin/bash sync_runner:x:996:994::/opt/alist_sync:/sbin/nologin nginx:x:995:993:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin sre_share:x:1004:1005::/home/sre_share:/sbin/nologin ```bash #### Option: -c [number] - The `-c` option allows you to display the last [number] bytes of a file instead of lines. #### Example: Display Last 20 Bytes ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail -c 20 /etc/passwd share:/sbin/nologin [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail -c 200 /etc/passwd 003::/home/deploy_bot:/bin/bash sync_runner:x:996:994::/opt/alist_sync:/sbin/nologin nginx:x:995:993:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin sre_share:x:1004:1005::/home/sre_share:/sbin/nologin ```bash #### Option: --pid=[pid] The `--pid` option terminates tailing after the process with the given PID dies. This is useful for stopping the tail operation when a related process ends. #### Example: Terminate After Process Ends - 可以在另一个终端用vim新开文件，ps -ef 获取vim的进程号，用他的进程号来taile --pid /etc/passwd，当vim关闭时进程号消失随即tail 不再运行 ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps -ef | grep 310599 devops 310599 310521 0 12:33 pts/1 00:00:00 vim ./aaa.txt devops 310712 305903 0 12:37 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto 310599 [devops@lb01 ~]$ [devops@lb01 ~]$ [devops@lb01 ~]$ [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail -f --pid=310599 /etc/passwd sssd:x:998:997:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin chrony:x:997:996:chrony system user:/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin rsync:x:1000:1000::/home/rsync:/sbin/nologin ftpuser:x:1001:1001::/home/ftpuser:/bin/bash devops:x:1002:1002::/home/devops:/bin/bash deploy_bot:x:1003:1003::/home/deploy_bot:/bin/bash sync_runner:x:996:994::/opt/alist_sync:/sbin/nologin nginx:x:995:993:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin sre_share:x:1004:1005::/home/sre_share:/sbin/nologin ```bash #### Option: --retry - The `--retry` option makes `tail` keep trying to open a file even if it is inaccessible. This is useful for files that may be temporarily unavailable. #### Example: Retry Opening File ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail --retry /etc/passwd tail: warning: --retry ignored; --retry is useful only when following sssd:x:998:997:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin chrony:x:997:996:chrony system user:/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin rsync:x:1000:1000::/home/rsync:/sbin/nologin ftpuser:x:1001:1001::/home/ftpuser:/bin/bash devops:x:1002:1002::/home/devops:/bin/bash deploy_bot:x:1003:1003::/home/deploy_bot:/bin/bash sync_runner:x:996:994::/opt/alist_sync:/sbin/nologin nginx:x:995:993:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin sre_share:x:1004:1005::/home/sre_share:/sbin/nologin [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail --retry -f /aaa tail: warning: --retry only effective for the initial open tail: cannot open '/aaa' for reading: No such file or directory ```bash #### Use Cases Common scenarios where the `tail` command is beneficial include: - Monitoring server logs to detect issues in real-time. - Checking the latest entries in a continuously updated file. - Debugging applications by reviewing recent log entries. --- ### Bash `head` Command - Display the beginning of a file #### Using the `head` Command - The `head` command is used to display the first part of files. - It's particularly useful for previewing the start of a file to understand its structure. - All examples below use the `/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg` file: ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ head /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg # Since Ansible 2.12 (core): # To generate an example config file (a "disabled" one with all default settings, commented out): # $ ansible-config init --disabled > ansible.cfg # # Also you can now have a more complete file by including existing plugins: # ansible-config init --disabled -t all > ansible.cfg # For previous versions of Ansible you can check for examples in the 'stable' branches of each version # Note that this file was always incomplete and lagging changes to configuration settings ```bash #### Basic Usage - The `head` command displays the first 10 lines of a file by default: #### Example: Display First 10 Lines ```bash passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/ ```bash #### Options ##### The `head` command has several options used to customize its behavior: - `-n [number]`: Display the first [number] lines of the file. - `-c [number]`: Display the first [number] bytes of the file. #### Option: -n [number] - The `-n` option allows you to specify the number of lines to display from the start of the file. By default, `head` shows the first 10 lines. #### Example: Display First 5 Lines ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ head -n 5 /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin ```bash #### Option: -c [number] - The `-c` option allows you to display the first [number] bytes of a file instead of lines. #### Example: Display First 20 Bytes ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ head -c 20 /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/roo ```bash #### Option: Multiple Files - The `head` command can be used to display the beginning of multiple files. By default, it prints the file name as a header before the content of each file. #### Example: Display First 3 Lines of Multiple Files ```bash [devops@lb01 ~]$ head -n 4 ./4_25.txt ./4_25_1.txt ==> ./4_25.txt <== apple banana orange juice ==> ./4_25_1.txt <== 01 002 0033 444 ```bash #### Option: -q - The `-q` option suppresses the printing of headers when multiple files are being processed. This is useful when you want to view the contents of multiple files without the file names being printed. #### Example: Suppress Headers ```bash # 两个文件内容是直接连起来的 [devops@lb01 ~]$ head -q -n 3 ./4_25.txt ./4_25_1.txt apple banana orange 01 # notice start！！ 002 0033 [devops@lb01 ~]$ ```bash #### Common Uses ##### The `head` command is commonly used to: - Preview the start of a file to understand its structure. - Quickly check the contents of a file without opening it fully. - Extract the header information from a data file. --- ### System Monitoring #### Bash `ps` Command - Snapshot of Current Processes #### Using the `ps` Command - The `ps` command is used to report a snapshot of current processes. - It's a useful tool for monitoring and managing processes on your system. - All examples below use a hypothetical process list for demonstration: ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps PID TTY TIME CMD 27583 pts/1 00:00:00 bash 27638 pts/1 00:00:00 ps ```bash #### Understanding the Output The `ps` command output consists of several columns, each representing different aspects of the system's processes: - **PID**: Process ID, a unique identifier for each process. - **TTY**: Terminal type associated with the process. - **TIME**: Total CPU time used by the process. - **CMD**: The command that started the process. #### Basic Usage - To display a snapshot of current processes, use `ps`: #### Example: Basic Usage ```bashbash ps PID TTY TIME CMD 1234 pts/0 00:00:01 bash 5678 pts/1 00:00:02 python 9101 pts/2 00:00:03 node ```bash #### Options The `ps` command has options to change how it works: - `-e` - Show all processes - `-f` - Show detailed information - `-u` - Show processes for a specific user - `-a` - Show all processes with a terminal - `-x` - Show processes without a terminal #### Show All Processes - The `-e` option allows you to show all processes. ### Example: Show All Processes ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps -e PID TTY TIME CMD 1 ? 00:00:49 systemd 2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd 3 ? 00:00:00 pool_workqueue_ 4 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-rcu_g 5 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-sync_ 6 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-slub_ 7 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-netns 9 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H-events_highpri 10 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u512:0-events_unbound 11 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-mm_pe 12 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u512:1-netns 13 ? 00:00:00 rcu_tasks_kthre 14 ? 00:00:00 rcu_tasks_rude_ 15 ? 00:00:00 rcu_tasks_trace 16 ? 00:00:05 ksoftirqd/0 17 ? 00:00:02 rcu_preempt 18 ? 00:00:00 rcu_exp_par_gp_ 19 ? 00:00:00 rcu_exp_gp_kthr 20 ? 00:00:00 migration/0 21 ? 00:00:00 idle_inject/0 23 ? 00:00:00 cpuhp/0 24 ? 00:00:00 cpuhp/1 25 ? 00:00:00 idle_inject/1 26 ? 00:00:00 migration/1 27 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/1 29 ? 00:00:00 kworker/1:0H-events_highpri 34 ? 00:00:00 kdevtmpfs 35 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-inet_ 36 ? 00:00:00 kauditd 37 ? 00:00:00 khungtaskd 39 ? 00:00:00 oom_reaper 40 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-write 41 ? 00:00:01 kcompactd0 42 ? 00:00:00 ksmd 43 ? 00:00:01 khugepaged 44 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-crypt 45 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-kinte 46 ? 00:00:00 kworker/R-kbloc ```bash #### Show Detailed Information - The `-f` option allows you to show detailed information. #### Example: Show Detailed Information ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps -f UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD devops 33399 33397 0 15:57 pts/0 00:00:00 -bash devops 33618 33399 0 16:03 pts/0 00:00:00 ps -f ```bash #### Show Processes for a Specific User - The `-u` option allows you to show processes for a specific user. #### Example: Show Processes for a Specific User ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps -u devops PID TTY TIME CMD 25607 ? 00:00:00 systemd 25610 ? 00:00:00 (sd-pam) 27580 ? 00:00:00 sshd 27583 pts/1 00:00:00 bash 33397 ? 00:00:00 sshd 33399 pts/0 00:00:00 bash 33430 ? 00:00:00 sshd 33431 ? 00:00:00 sftp-server 33653 pts/0 00:00:00 ps ```bash #### Show Processes with a Terminal - The `-a` option allows you to show all processes with a terminal. #### Example: Show Processes with a Terminal ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps -a PID TTY TIME CMD 33926 pts/0 00:00:00 ps ```bash #### Show Processes without a Terminal - The `-x` option allows you to show processes without a terminal. #### Example: Show Processes without a Terminal ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps -x PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND 25607 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --user 25610 ? S 0:00 (sd-pam) 27580 ? S 0:00 sshd: devops@pts/1 27583 pts/1 Ss+ 0:00 -bash 33397 ? R 0:00 sshd: devops@pts/0 33399 pts/0 Ss 0:00 -bash 33430 ? S 0:00 sshd: devops@notty 33431 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server 33935 pts/0 R+ 0:00 ps -x ```bash #### Combining Options - Options can be combined to provide more detailed output. - For example, `ps -ef` shows all processes with detailed information. #### Example: Combine Options ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps -ef UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 1 0 0 May02 ? 00:00:50 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --s root 2 0 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kthreadd] root 3 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [pool_workqueue_] root 4 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-rcu_g] root 5 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-sync_] root 6 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-slub_] root 7 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-netns] root 9 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/0:0H-events_highpri root 10 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/u512:0-events_unbou root 11 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-mm_pe] root 12 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/u512:1-netns] root 13 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [rcu_tasks_kthre] root 14 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [rcu_tasks_rude_] root 15 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [rcu_tasks_trace] root 16 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:05 [ksoftirqd/0] root 17 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:02 [rcu_preempt] root 18 2 0 May02 ? 00:00:00 [rcu_exp_par_gp_] ```bash --- ### Bash `top` Command - Display Linux Tasks #### Using the `top` Command - The `top` command is used to display Linux tasks. - It's a powerful tool for monitoring system performance in real-time. - Examples: ```bashbash top - 16:25:37 up 20:42, 2 users, load average: 0.03, 0.03, 0.05 Tasks: 166 total, 1 running, 165 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 0.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.0 id, 0.2 wa, 0.3 hi, 0.2 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 1969.6 total, 1080.4 free, 499.7 used, 579.8 buff/cache MiB Swap: 512.0 total, 512.0 free, 0.0 used. 1470.0 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 33504 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.7 0.0 0:01.15 kworker+ 34082 devops 20 0 225844 4204 3416 R 0.3 0.2 0:00.09 top 1 root 20 0 105892 13836 10244 S 0.0 0.7 0:50.39 systemd 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.05 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pool_wo+ 4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 6 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 9 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 10 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 11 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 12 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 kworker+ 13 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_tas+ 14 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_tas+ ```bash #### Understanding the Output The `top` command output consists of several columns, each representing different aspects of the system's processes: - **PID**: Process ID, a unique identifier for each process. - **USER**: The user account that owns the process. - **PR**: Priority of the process. - **NI**: Nice value, which affects scheduling priority. - **VIRT**: Virtual memory size used by the process. - **RES**: Resident memory size, the non-swapped physical memory the process uses. - **SHR**: Shared memory size. - **S**: Process status (e.g., S for sleeping, R for running). - **%CPU**: CPU usage percentage. - **%MEM**: Memory usage percentage. - **TIME+**: Total CPU time the process has used since it started. - **COMMAND**: The command that started the process. #### Basic Usage - To display Linux tasks, use `top`: #### Example: Basic Usage ```bashbash top - 16:32:27 up 20:49, 2 users, load average: 0.80, 0.32, 0.15 Tasks: 166 total, 1 running, 165 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 0.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.3 hi, 0.2 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 1969.6 total, 1074.8 free, 505.2 used, 579.9 buff/cache MiB Swap: 512.0 total, 512.0 free, 0.0 used. 1464.4 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 34095 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.7 0.0 0:00.53 kworker+ 864 root 20 0 1795648 50320 32456 S 0.3 2.5 1:27.98 contain+ 1 root 20 0 105892 13836 10244 S 0.0 0.7 0:50.68 systemd 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.05 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pool_wo+ 4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 6 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 9 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 10 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 11 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 12 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 kworker+ 13 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_tas ```bash #### Options The `top` command has options to change how it works: - `-d` - Set the time between updates - `-p` - Monitor specific PIDs - `-u` - Show tasks for a specific user - `-n` - Set the number of iterations - `-b` - Batch mode operation #### Set Update Interval - The `-d` option allows you to set the time between updates. #### Example: Set Update Interval ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ top -d 10 top - 16:34:24 up 20:51, 2 users, load average: 0.97, 0.54, 0.25 Tasks: 167 total, 1 running, 166 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.1 us, 0.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.1 id, 0.1 wa, 0.3 hi, 0.2 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 1969.6 total, 1066.8 free, 513.2 used, 579.8 buff/cache MiB Swap: 512.0 total, 512.0 free, 0.0 used. 1456.4 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 33504 root 20 0 0 0 0 D 0.5 0.0 0:02.17 kworker+ 1 root 20 0 105892 13836 10244 S 0.1 0.7 0:50.79 systemd 864 root 20 0 1795648 50324 32456 S 0.1 2.5 1:28.12 contain+ 34095 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.1 0.0 0:00.77 kworker+ 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.05 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pool_wo+ ```bash #### Monitor Specific PIDs - The `-p` option allows you to monitor specific PIDs. #### Example: Monitor Specific PIDs ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ ps -ef | grep tail devops 34435 34345 0 16:35 pts/2 00:00:00 tail -f /etc/passwd devops 34439 33399 0 16:35 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto tail [devops@lb01 ~]$ top -p 34435 top - 16:36:26 up 20:53, 3 users, load average: 0.98, 0.69, 0.35 Tasks: 1 total, 0 running, 1 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 0.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.3 hi, 0.2 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 1969.6 total, 1075.4 free, 504.5 used, 579.9 buff/cache MiB Swap: 512.0 total, 512.0 free, 0.0 used. 1465.1 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 34435 devops 20 0 220996 1984 1872 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 tail ```bash #### Show Tasks for a Specific User - The `-u` option allows you to show tasks for a specific user. #### Example: Show Tasks for a Specific User ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ top -u devops top - 16:37:59 up 20:54, 3 users, load average: 0.85, 0.74, 0.40 Tasks: 172 total, 1 running, 171 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 3.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 1969.6 total, 1063.4 free, 516.5 used, 579.9 buff/cache MiB Swap: 512.0 total, 512.0 free, 0.0 used. 1453.1 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 25607 devops 20 0 22384 11932 9984 S 0.0 0.6 0:00.17 systemd 25610 devops 20 0 107152 5680 1960 S 0.0 0.3 0:00.00 (sd-pam) 27580 devops 20 0 21244 7696 5420 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.03 sshd 27583 devops 20 0 223852 5200 3624 S 0.0 0.3 0:00.00 bash 33397 devops 20 0 21248 7780 5388 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.53 sshd 33399 devops 20 0 223852 5344 3668 S 0.0 0.3 0:00.15 bash 33430 devops 20 0 21092 7528 5344 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.00 sshd 33431 devops 20 0 10064 6432 5404 S 0.0 0.3 0:00.00 sftp-se+ 34343 devops 20 0 21248 7668 5356 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.03 sshd 34345 devops 20 0 223852 5348 3676 S 0.0 0.3 0:00.02 bash 34376 devops 20 0 21092 7532 5344 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.01 sshd 34377 devops 20 0 10064 6380 5352 S 0.0 0.3 0:00.01 sftp-se+ 34503 devops 20 0 225844 4244 3456 R 0.0 0.2 0:00.01 top ```bash #### Set Number of Iterations - The `-n` option allows you to set the number of iterations before `top` exits. #### Example: Set Number of Iterations ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ top -n 5 top - 16:40:01 up 20:56, 3 users, load average: 0.20, 0.51, 0.35 Tasks: 177 total, 2 running, 175 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.5 us, 1.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.3 hi, 0.2 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 1969.6 total, 1058.3 free, 521.7 used, 579.9 buff/cache MiB Swap: 512.0 total, 512.0 free, 0.0 used. 1447.9 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1 root 20 0 105892 13836 10244 D 0.3 0.7 0:51.03 systemd 752 root 20 0 20912 9932 8304 S 0.3 0.5 0:04.84 systemd+ 864 root 20 0 1795648 50324 32456 S 0.3 2.5 1:28.50 contain+ 34332 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.3 0.0 0:01.01 kworker+ 34549 root 20 0 3996 2492 2316 R 0.3 0.1 0:00.01 unix_ch+ 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.05 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pool_wo+ 4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 6 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 9 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 10 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 11 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 12 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 kworker+ [devops@lb01 ~]$ ```bash #### Batch Mode Operation - The `-b` option allows `top` to run in batch mode, suitable for sending output to other programs or files. #### Example: Batch Mode Operation ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ top -b -n 1 top - 16:46:45 up 21:03, 3 users, load average: 0.03, 0.16, 0.23 Tasks: 170 total, 2 running, 168 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 2.9 us, 2.9 sy, 0.0 ni, 94.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 1969.6 total, 1061.6 free, 518.2 used, 580.0 buff/cache MiB Swap: 512.0 total, 512.0 free, 0.0 used. 1451.4 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1 root 20 0 105892 13836 10244 S 0.0 0.7 0:51.29 systemd 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.05 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pool_wo+ 4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 6 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 9 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ ```bash #### Combining Options - Options can be combined to provide more detailed output. For example, `top -b -n 1` runs `top` in batch mode for one iteration. #### Example: Combine Options ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ top -bn 1 | tee aaa.txt top - 16:54:20 up 21:11, 3 users, load average: 0.04, 0.06, 0.15 Tasks: 174 total, 1 running, 173 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 1969.6 total, 1068.6 free, 511.1 used, 580.1 buff/cache MiB Swap: 512.0 total, 512.0 free, 0.0 used. 1458.5 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1 root 20 0 105892 13836 10244 S 0.0 0.7 0:51.60 systemd 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.05 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pool_wo+ 4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 6 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 9 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 10 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ 11 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker+ ```bash --- ### Bash `df` Command - File System Disk Space Usage #### Using the `df` Command - The `df` command is used to report file system disk space usage. - It's a useful tool for checking available storage on your system. - All examples below use a hypothetical output for demonstration: ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 4096 0 4096 0% /dev tmpfs 1008444 0 1008444 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 403380 36708 366672 10% /run /dev/mapper/rlm-root 19329024 4935180 14393844 26% / /dev/nvme0n1p2 996780 327360 600608 36% /boot tmpfs 201688 0 201688 0% /run/user/1002 ```bash #### Understanding the Output The `df` command output consists of several columns, each representing different aspects of the file system's disk usage: - **Filesystem**: The name of the file system. - **1K-blocks**: Total size of the file system in 1K blocks. - **Used**: Amount of space used. - **Available**: Amount of space available for use. - **Use%**: Percentage of space used. - **Mounted on**: Directory where the file system is mounted. #### Basic Usage - To display disk space usage, use `df`: #### Example: Basic Usage ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev tmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 394M 36M 359M 10% /run /dev/mapper/rlm-root 19G 4.8G 14G 26% / /dev/nvme0n1p2 974M 320M 587M 36% /boot tmpfs 197M 0 197M 0% /run/user/1002 ```bash #### Options The `df` command has options to change how it works: - `-h` - Show sizes in human-readable format (e.g., KB, MB) - `-a` - Show all file systems, even empty ones - `-T` - Show the type of file system - `-i` - Show inode usage - `-P` - Use POSIX output format #### Show Sizes in Human-Readable Format - The `-h` option allows you to show sizes in human-readable format. #### Example: Show Sizes in Human-Readable Format ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev tmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 394M 36M 359M 10% /run /dev/mapper/rlm-root 19G 4.8G 14G 26% / /dev/nvme0n1p2 974M 320M 587M 36% /boot tmpfs 197M 0 197M 0% /run/user/1002 ```bash #### Show All File Systems - The `-a` option allows you to show all file systems, even empty ones. #### Example: Show All File Systems ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ df -a Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on proc 0 0 0 - /proc sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys devtmpfs 4096 0 4096 0% /dev securityfs 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/security tmpfs 1008444 0 1008444 0% /dev/shm devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts tmpfs 403380 36704 366676 10% /run cgroup2 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/cgroup pstore 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/pstore bpf 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/bpf configfs 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/config /dev/mapper/rlm-root 19329024 4935312 14393712 26% / systemd-1 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc mqueue 0 0 0 - /dev/mqueue hugetlbfs 0 0 0 - /dev/hugepages debugfs 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/debug tracefs 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/tracing fusectl 0 0 0 - /sys/fs/fuse/connections none 0 0 0 - /run/credentials/systemd-sysctl.service none 0 0 0 - /run/credentials/systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service /dev/nvme0n1p2 996780 327360 600608 36% /boot none 0 0 0 - /run/credentials/systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service tmpfs 201688 0 201688 0% /run/user/1002 ```bash #### Show File System Type - The `-T` option allows you to show the type of file system. #### Example: Show File System Type ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 394M 36M 359M 10% /run /dev/mapper/rlm-root xfs 19G 4.8G 14G 26% / /dev/nvme0n1p2 ext4 974M 320M 587M 36% /boot tmpfs tmpfs 197M 0 197M 0% /run/user/1002 ```bash - **File System Type:** This indicates the format and structure used to store and organize data on a disk. - Common file system types include `ext4`, `ntfs`, and `vfat`. - Each type has its own features, limitations, and compatibility with operating systems. #### Show Inode Usage - The `-i` option allows you to show inode usage. #### Example: Show Inode Usage ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ df -i Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on devtmpfs 246240 419 245821 1% /dev tmpfs 252111 1 252110 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 819200 734 818466 1% /run /dev/mapper/rlm-root 9697280 93667 9603613 1% / /dev/nvme0n1p2 65536 376 65160 1% /boot tmpfs 50422 14 50408 1% /run/user/1002 ```bash #### **Inodes:** Inodes are data structures used by many file systems to store information about files and directories, such as their size, owner, permissions, and timestamps. - Each file or directory has a unique inode. The `df -i` command shows inode usage, which can be important for systems with many small files. #### Use POSIX Output Format - The `-P` option allows you to use the POSIX output format. #### Example: Use POSIX Output Format ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ df -P Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on devtmpfs 4096 0 4096 0% /dev tmpfs 1008444 0 1008444 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 403380 36712 366668 10% /run /dev/mapper/rlm-root 19329024 4935456 14393568 26% / /dev/nvme0n1p2 996780 327360 600608 36% /boot tmpfs 201688 0 201688 0% /run/user/1002 tmpfs 201688 0 201688 0% /run/user/0 ```bash - **POSIX:** POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) is a set of standards specified by the IEEE for maintaining compatibility between operating systems. - The `df -P` option provides output in a POSIX-compliant format, ensuring consistency across different environments and systems. #### Combining Options - Options can be combined to provide more detailed output. - For example, `df -hT` shows sizes in human-readable format along with the file system type. #### Example: Combine Options ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 394M 36M 359M 10% /run /dev/mapper/rlm-root xfs 19G 4.8G 14G 26% / /dev/nvme0n1p2 ext4 974M 320M 587M 36% /boot tmpfs tmpfs 197M 0 197M 0% /run/user/1002 [devops@lb01 ~]$ ```bash --- ### Bash `du` Command - File Space Usage #### Using the `du` Command - The `du` command is used to estimate file space usage. - It's helpful for finding out how much space files and directories take up. - examples: ```bashbash 80K ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/google_genai-1.47.0.dist-info 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib 52K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin 53M ./Scripts/python/venv 53M ./Scripts/python 53M ./Scripts 355M . ```bash #### Understanding the Output The `du` command output consists of two columns: - **Size**: The amount of disk space used by the file or directory. - **Path**: The file or directory path. #### Basic Usage - To display file space usage, use `du`: #### Example: Basic Usage ```bashbash du 8.0K ./dir1 12K ./dir2 20K . ```bash #### Options The `du` command has options to change how it works: - `-h` - Show sizes in human-readable format (e.g., KB, MB) - `-s` - Show only the total size for each item - `-a` - Show sizes for all files, not just directories - `-c` - Produce a grand total - `--max-depth=N` - Limit the depth of directory traversal #### Show Sizes in Human-Readable Format - The `-h` option allows you to show sizes in human-readable format. #### Example: Show Sizes in Human-Readable Format ```bashbash du -h 80K ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/google_genai-1.47.0.dist-info 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib 52K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin 53M ./Scripts/python/venv 53M ./Scripts/python 53M ./Scripts 355M . ```bash #### Show Only Total Size - The `-s` option allows you to show only the total size for each item. #### Example: Show Only Total Size ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ du -sh 355M . ```bash #### Show Sizes for All Files - The `-a` option allows you to show sizes for all files, not just directories. #### Example: Show Sizes for All Files ```bashbash du -a 4.0K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin/activate.csh 4.0K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin/activate.fish 4.0K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin/normalizer 4.0K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin/websockets 4.0K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin/httpx 52K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin 4.0K ./Scripts/python/venv/pyvenv.cfg 53M ./Scripts/python/venv 53M ./Scripts/python 53M ./Scripts 16K ./aaa.txt 355M . ```bash #### Produce a Grand Total - The `-c` option allows you to produce a grand total. #### Example: Produce a Grand Total ```bashbash 80K ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/google_genai-1.47.0.dist-info 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib/python3.9 53M ./Scripts/python/venv/lib 52K ./Scripts/python/venv/bin 53M ./Scripts/python/venv 53M ./Scripts/python 53M ./Scripts 355M . 355M total ```bash #### Limit Directory Traversal Depth - The `--max-depth=N` option allows you to limit the depth of directory traversal. - This can be useful for summarizing disk usage at a specific directory level. #### Example: Limit Directory Traversal Depth ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ du --max-depth=1 4 ./.config 8 ./.ssh 8 ./.terraform.d 3476 ./Docker 68 ./.docker 0 ./.ansible 4 ./.vim 11812 ./.cache 293084 ./Terraform 54256 ./Scripts 362796 . ```bash - In this example, `du --max-depth=1` shows the space used by each directory at the top level, without diving deeper into subdirectories. #### Example: Limit Directory Traversal Depth to 2 ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ du --max-depth=2 0 ./.config/procps 4 ./.config/htop 4 ./.config 8 ./.ssh 8 ./.terraform.d 0 ./Docker/redis 3476 ./Docker/docker-nodejs-sample 0 ./Docker/nginx 3476 ./Docker 68 ./.docker/buildx 68 ./.docker 0 ./.ansible/tmp 0 ./.ansible/cp 0 ./.ansible 4 ./.vim 11812 ./.cache/pip 11812 ./.cache 293080 ./Terraform/aliyun 4 ./Terraform/tailscale 293084 ./Terraform 20 ./Scripts/shell 54236 ./Scripts/python 54256 ./Scripts 362796 . [devops@lb01 ~]$ tree -L 2 . ├── aaa.txt ├── Docker │ ├── docker-nodejs-sample │ ├── nginx │ └── redis ├── Scripts │ ├── python │ └── shell └── Terraform ├── aliyun └── tailscale 10 directories, 1 file ```bash - Here, `du --max-depth=2` provides a summary of disk usage up to two levels deep, including subdirectories. #### Combining Options - Options can be combined to provide more detailed output. For example, `du -h --max-depth=1` shows sizes in human-readable format with limited directory depth. #### Example: Combine Options ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ du -h --max-depth=2 0 ./.config/procps 4.0K ./.config/htop 4.0K ./.config 8.0K ./.ssh 8.0K ./.terraform.d 0 ./Docker/redis 3.4M ./Docker/docker-nodejs-sample 0 ./Docker/nginx 3.4M ./Docker 68K ./.docker/buildx 68K ./.docker 0 ./.ansible/tmp 0 ./.ansible/cp 0 ./.ansible 4.0K ./.vim 12M ./.cache/pip 12M ./.cache 287M ./Terraform/aliyun 4.0K ./Terraform/tailscale 287M ./Terraform 20K ./Scripts/shell 53M ./Scripts/python 53M ./Scripts 355M . ```bash --- ### Bash `free` Command - Display Free and Used Memory #### Using the `free` Command - The `free` command is used to display the amount of free and used memory in the system. - It's useful for monitoring memory usage and managing system resources. #### Basic Usage - To display memory usage, use `free`: #### Example ```bashbash free -k total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 8176588 1376568 5869188 146532 1051172 6352280 Swap: 2097148 0 2097148 ```bash #### Options The `free` command has options to change how it works: - `-h` - Show memory in human-readable format (e.g., KB, MB, GB) - `-b` - Show memory in bytes - `-k` - Show memory in kilobytes (KB) - `-m` - Show memory in megabytes (MB) - `-g` - Show memory in gigabytes (GB) - `-s [interval]` - Continuously display memory usage at specified intervals - `-t` - Display total memory #### Show Memory in Human-Readable Format - The `-h` option allows you to show memory in a human-readable format, such as KB, MB, or GB. - Without this option, memory is displayed in kilobytes by default. #### Example: Show Memory in Human-Readable Format ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ free -h total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 1.9Gi 505Mi 1.0Gi 35Mi 585Mi 1.4Gi Swap: 511Mi 0B 511Mi ```bash #### Show Memory in Bytes - The `-b` option allows you to show memory in bytes, providing a more precise measurement. - Without this option, memory is displayed in kilobytes by default. #### Example: Show Memory in Bytes ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ free -b total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 2065297408 534020096 1119330304 37597184 613793792 1531277312 Swap: 536866816 0 536866816 ```bash #### Show Memory in Kilobytes - The `-k` option allows you to show memory in kilobytes. - This is the default behavior of the `free` command. #### Example: Show Memory in Kilobytes ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ free -k total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 2016892 517516 1097080 36716 599404 1499376 Swap: 524284 0 524284 ```bash #### Show Memory in Megabytes - The `-m` option allows you to show memory in megabytes, which can be easier to read for larger memory sizes. - Without this option, memory is displayed in kilobytes by default. #### Example: Show Memory in Megabytes ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ free -m total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 1969 500 1076 35 585 1469 Swap: 511 0 511 ```bash #### Show Memory in Gigabytes - The `-g` option allows you to show memory in gigabytes, which is useful for systems with large amounts of memory. - Without this option, memory is displayed in kilobytes by default. #### Example: Show Memory in Gigabytes ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ free -g total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 1 0 1 0 0 1 Swap: 0 0 0 ```bash #### Continuously Display Memory Usage - The `-s` option allows you to continuously display memory usage at specified intervals. This is useful for monitoring memory usage over time. #### Example: Continuously Display Memory Usage ```bashbash free -s 5 total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 2016892 521552 1092952 36716 599500 1495340 Swap: 524284 0 524284 total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 2016892 521552 1092952 36716 599500 1495340 Swap: 524284 0 524284 total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 2016892 506416 1108084 36704 599492 1510476 Swap: 524284 0 524284 total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 2016892 510512 1103988 36708 599496 1506380 Swap: 524284 0 524284 ```bash - This command will update the memory usage every 5 seconds. #### Display Total Memory - The `-t` option includes a line showing the total memory (used + free) for both RAM and swap. This provides a quick overview of total memory resources. #### Example: Display Total Memory ```bashbash total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 2016892 521684 1092752 36708 599556 1495208 Swap: 524284 0 524284 Total: 2541176 521684 1617036 ```bash --- ### Bash `kill` Command - Terminate Processes #### Using the `kill` Command - The `kill` command is used to terminate processes in a Unix-like operating system. - It's a powerful tool for managing system resources and ensuring that processes do not consume more resources than necessary. #### Common Uses The `kill` command is commonly used to: - Terminate unresponsive processes. - Manage system resources by stopping unnecessary processes. - Send specific signals to processes for custom handling. #### Syntax - The basic syntax of the `kill` command is: ```bashbash kill [OPTION]... ... ```bash #### Options The `kill` command has several options to customize its behavior: - `-9`: Forcefully terminate a process. - `-l`: List all signal names. - `-s [signal]`: Specify a signal to send. - `-p`: Print the process ID. #### Forcefully Terminate a Process - The `-9` option sends the SIGKILL signal to a process, which forcefully terminates it. - This is useful when a process does not respond to other signals. #### Example: Forcefully Kill a Process ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ kill -9 36112 [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail -f /etc/passwd sssd:x:998:997:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin chrony:x:997:996:chrony system user:/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin rsync:x:1000:1000::/home/rsync:/sbin/nologin ftpuser:x:1001:1001::/home/ftpuser:/bin/bash devops:x:1002:1002::/home/devops:/bin/bash deploy_bot:x:1003:1003::/home/deploy_bot:/bin/bash sync_runner:x:996:994::/opt/alist_sync:/sbin/nologin nginx:x:995:993:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin sre_share:x:1004:1005::/home/sre_share:/sbin/nologin Killed ```bash #### List All Signal Names - The `-l` option lists all available signal names. - This can help you understand which signals are available for use with the `kill` command. #### Example: List Signal Names ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ kill -l 1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL 5) SIGTRAP 2) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1 3) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM 4) SIGSTKFLT 17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP 5) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU 25) SIGXFSZ 6) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH 29) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR 7) SIGSYS 34) SIGRTMIN 35) SIGRTMIN+1 36) SIGRTMIN+2 37) SIGRTMIN+3 8) SIGRTMIN+4 39) SIGRTMIN+5 40) SIGRTMIN+6 41) SIGRTMIN+7 42) SIGRTMIN+8 9) SIGRTMIN+9 44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12 47) SIGRTMIN+13 10) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14 51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12 11) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10 55) SIGRTMAX-9 56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7 12) SIGRTMAX-6 59) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4 61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2 13) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX ```bash #### Specify a Signal to Send - The `-s` option allows you to specify a signal to send to a process. - This provides flexibility in controlling processes. #### Example: Send a Custom Signal ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ kill -s SIGTERM 36167 [devops@lb01 ~]$ tail -f /etc/passwd sssd:x:998:997:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin chrony:x:997:996:chrony system user:/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin rsync:x:1000:1000::/home/rsync:/sbin/nologin ftpuser:x:1001:1001::/home/ftpuser:/bin/bash devops:x:1002:1002::/home/devops:/bin/bash deploy_bot:x:1003:1003::/home/deploy_bot:/bin/bash sync_runner:x:996:994::/opt/alist_sync:/sbin/nologin nginx:x:995:993:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin sre_share:x:1004:1005::/home/sre_share:/sbin/nologin Terminated ```bash #### Print the Process ID - The `-p` option prints the process ID of the process you are targeting. - This is useful for verifying the process you intend to signal. #### Example: Print Process ID ```bashbash kill -p 1234 ```bash --- ### Bash `uptime` Command - System Runtime #### Using the `uptime` Command The `uptime` command is used to find out how long the system has been running. It provides a quick overview of the system's performance, including: - The current time - How long the system has been up - The number of users logged in - The system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes #### Syntax - The basic syntax of the `uptime` command is: ```bashbash uptime ```bash - This command displays information like the current time, uptime duration, number of users, and load averages. #### Understanding the Output The output of the `uptime` command shows information like: - **Current Time:** The time at which the command was run. - **Uptime Duration:** How long the system has been running since the last reboot. - **Number of Users:** The number of users currently logged into the system. - **Load Averages:** The system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes. #### Example Output - Here's an example of the `uptime` command output: #### Example: Understanding Uptime Output ```bashbash [devops@lb01 ~]$ uptime 17:52:33 up 22:09, 2 users, load average: 0.03, 0.07, 0.08 ```bash In this example: - The current time is **17:52:33**. - The system has been up for **22:09**. - There are **2 users** currently logged in. - The load averages are **0.03, 0.07, 0.08**, indicating the system load over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes. #### Interpreting Load Averages The load averages provide a snapshot of the system's workload: - A lower load average indicates a less busy system. - A higher load average suggests the system is busier. - Load averages above 1.0 per core may indicate the system is overloaded. #### Example: Interpreting Load Averages ```bashbash load average: 0.75, 0.60, 0.50 ```bash - In this example, the system load is decreasing over time, indicating that the system is becoming less busy. #### Common Uses The `uptime` command is commonly used to: - Monitor system performance and stability. - Quickly check how long the system has been running. - Assess system load and determine if the system is under heavy use.

April 16, 2026

Docker--- Nodejs

目标：Docker 建立 Nodejs 镜像并跑一个 Nodejs 容器 Troubleshooting Record [devops@lb01 ~]$ sudo docker build -t nginx-image . [+] Building 0.1s (1/1) FINISHED docker:default => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile 0.1s => => transferring dockerfile: 2B 0.0s ERROR: failed to build: failed to solve: failed to read dockerfile: open Dockerfile: no such file or directory 需要先创建一个文件/文件夹 [devops@lb01 ~]$ docker build -t nginx-image ./docker/nginx-image ERROR: permission denied while trying to connect to the docker API at unix:///var/run/docker.sock 没有权限访问 socket 文件：/var/run/docker.sock 检查sock文件权限：660 / 666 将当前用户加入docker组：sudo usermod -aG docker $USER；然后退出重登。 [devops@lb01 ~/docker]$ docker build -t nginx-image . [+] Building 0.0s (1/1) FINISHED docker:default => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile 0.0s => => transferring dockerfile: 2B 0.0s ERROR: failed to build: failed to solve: failed to read dockerfile: open Dockerfile: no such file or directory 显示没有文件/文件夹尝试用文件夹建立dockerfile 发现仍然报错，显示文件不存在搜索后发现是dockerfile没有提前建立的关系，于是先建立Dockerfile文件在项目下，再次docker build -t my-nodejs就没有报错了 docker images

April 15, 2026

yum 进阶

探究yum源的混乱更换yum源核心逻辑：注释metalink；更换国内的baseurl 解决方案：源于yum错乱，为了尽快解决最好的办法就是删除原来错乱的配置重新配置官方的yum源配置yum的目的：直接跨海访问国外会有极高的延迟和丢包率，从而使用国内的镜像加速，本质上是切换到了地理位置更近、带宽更高的镜像站高可用：国内大厂的镜像站有极高的负载均衡，保证 7X24 小时不中断版本一致性：使用私有的企业内部私有源保证服务器安装的软件版本一致 /etc/yum.repos.d/ 文件拆解：核心系统源（BaseOS， AppStream）： rocky.repo 包含 linux内核，li，cp，ssh等操作系统生存必须的基础包必须改！！！官方拓展源 ( Extras, Plus)： rocky-extras.repo 包含官方支持但不属于核心系统的插件建议改第三方社区源（ EPEL ）： epel.repo 由 Federa 社区维护，提供很多红帽系官方不带的工具必须改 repo 文件示例： [epel] # 仓库 ID name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 9 # 仓库名称 # metalink=https://mirrors... # 自动寻找最快节点的地址（通常由于网络问题失效） baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/9/Everything/x86_64/ # 真正的下载地址 enabled=1 # 是否启用（1为启用） gpgcheck=1 # 是否校验签名（为了安全，必须为1） gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-9 # 校验用的公钥 Yum 源案例实践：

April 11, 2026

自动发送天气预报

接收方：钉钉发送方：和风天气 API_HOST, WEBHOOK, API_KEY都在和风官方开发者后台里/头像首页平台：Github托管代码代码及解释（直接放在main分支）： import requests import json # ================= 配置区 ================= API_HOST = 'p34y3kvamv.re.qweatherapi.com' # 你的控制台设置里 DINGTALK_WEBHOOK = 自己的 WEATHER_API_KEY = 自己的 CITY_ID = 天气api城市id #城市代码可自行查询当地天气代码 # ========================================== def get_weather(): """获取和风天气数据""" url = f'https://{API_HOST}/v7/weather/3d?location={CITY_ID}' # 新版推荐将API KEY放在请求头中 headers = { 'X-QW-Api-Key': WEATHER_API_KEY } try: response = requests.get(url, headers=headers).json() if response['code'] == '200': today = response['daily'][0] date = today['fxDate'] temp_max = today['tempMax'] temp_min = today['tempMin'] text_day = today['textDay'] wind_dir = today['windDirDay'] uv_index = today['uvIndex'] # 注意：正文中必须包含你在钉钉里设置的“自定义关键词”（如：天气） msg = f"""### 🌤️ 今日天气预报 **日期**：{date} **白天天气**：{text_day} **温度**：{temp_min}℃ ~ {temp_max}℃ **风向**：{wind_dir} **紫外线指数**：{uv_index} 祝你今天有个好心情！ """ return msg else: print(f"获取天气失败，错误码：{response['code']}") return None except Exception as e: print(f"请求发生异常: {e}") return None def send_to_dingtalk(msg_text): """发送 Markdown消息到钉钉 """ headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} data = { "msgtype": "markdown", "markdown": { "title": "今日天气", "text": msg_text } } response = requests.post(DINGTALK_WEBHOOK, headers=headers, data=json.dumps(data)) print("钉钉返回结果：", response.text) if __name__ == '__main__': weather_info = get_weather() if weather_info: send_to_dingtalk(weather_info) 把yml文件放在workflows下：代码： name: Daily Weather Bot on: schedule: - cron: '30 23 * * *' # 注意：这里是UTC时间！UTC的23:30相当于北京时间早上7:30。2000次最大/月 workflow_dispatch: # 允许手动点击运行 jobs: build: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v3 - name: Set up Python uses: actions/setup-python@v4 with: python-version: '3.x' - name: Install dependencies run: | python -m pip install --upgrade pip pip install requests - name: Run script run: python weather_bot.py #脚本名字完成后每天7点半即可接收到钉钉消息！！！

March 31, 2026

钉钉自动巡检告警--完全版

钉钉自动巡检告警：注意：钉钉机器人有使用频率限制：每个机器人最多20条/min 注意：配置前安装好相应库功能：自动检测并定时发送hostname，datetime，cpu，mem，disk，服务状态；Zabbix面板链接可自行添加文本格式：Markdown 代码及解释： import psutil import socket import requests import json from datetime import datetime #配置区================================================== WEBHOOK_URL = "你的钉钉群机器人token" #设置合理告警阈值： THRESHOLD_CPU = 80 #CPU THRESHOLD_MEM = 85 #内存 THRESHOLD_DISK = 90 #磁盘 #======================================================= def get_sys_info(): """获取系统基础信息""" # 获取主机名和当前时间（格式自定义） hostname = socket.gethostname() now_time = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S") # 1.CPU 使用率（采样1次/s）： cpu_usage = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1) # 2.MEM 使用率： mem = psutil.virtual_memory() mem_usage = mem.percent # 3.DISK 使用率： disk = psutil.disk_usage('/') disk_usage = disk.percent return hostname, now_time, cpu_usage, mem_usage, disk_usage def check_service(service_name): """检查特定进程（服务）是否在运行""" # 遍历当前所有进程名： for proc in psutil.process_iter(['name']): if service_name.lower() in proc.info['name'].lower(): return "✔️ 该服务正在运行中。" return "❌️ 该服务已经停止！" def send_markdown_msg(hostname, now_time, cpu, mem, disk, nginx_status): """发送 MarkDown 格式告警""" #根据状态判断标题颜色（若有异常则提醒）： status_title = "🤚 系统巡检正常" if cpu > THRESHOLD_CPU or mem > THRESHOLD_MEM or disk > THRESHOLD_DISK or "❌️" in nginx_status: status_title = "🤦🏻‍♂️ 系统告警：检测到异常" # Markdown 内容 markdown_content = f"""### {status_title} **主机名称**： {hostname} **巡检时间**： {now_time} --- - **CPU 使用率**：{cpu}% {'⚠️' if cpu > THRESHOLD_CPU else ''} - **内存使用率**：{mem}% {'⚠️' if mem > THRESHOLD_MEM else ''} - **磁盘使用率**：{disk}% {'⚠️' if disk > THRESHOLD_DISK else ''} - **Nginx服务**: {nginx_status} --- [点击查看Zabbix监控看板](http://Zabbix地址) """ data = { "msgtype": "markdown", "markdown": { "title": "服务器巡检报告", "text": markdown_content } } headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"} try: res = requests.post(WEBHOOK_URL, data=json.dumps(data), headers=headers) print(f"发送状态：{res.text}") except Exception as e: print(f"发送失败：{e}") if __name__ == "__main__": #执行巡检 h, t, c, m, d = get_sys_info() #可换成其他进程名 n_status = check_service("nginx") #发送报告 send_markdown_msg(h, t, c, m, d, n_status) 推荐：Emoji状态表情可自行复制进去。函数及库的使用 1. 库的调用 psutil: 专门用来读取 CPU、内存、进程等硬件和系统信息。 socket: 用来获取 hostname（主机名），这在管理几十台服务器时非常重要，否则你不知道是哪台机器出的问题。 datetime: 获取当前时间，所有的运维报告必须带时间戳。

March 31, 2026

钉钉自动巡检告警--磁盘空间

钉钉自动巡检告警–Disk：注意：在虚拟环境中要提前 pip 安装相应的库注意：钉钉机器人有使用频率限制：每个机器人最多20条/min 建议采用Python虚拟环境避免冲突 #新建文件夹： mkdir /to/your/myPython touch /to/your/myPython/DingDing.py #激活venv环境，使命令行前出现venv标志 python3 -m venv venv #在所在文件目录执行 source venv/bin/activate #执行脚本 python3 /to/your/myPython/DingDing.py #取消venv deactivate 脚本代码及解释： import requests import json import psutil import socket #自己的token，在钉钉自建群 ==》机器人 ==》自定义机器人 ==》查看token ==》安全策略带关键词，如"告警" WEBHOOK_URL = "你的token" def send_dingtalk_msg(content): """发送钉钉告警的核心函数""" headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"} #构建消息体（必须包含关键词"告警"） data = { "msgtype": "text", "text": { "content": f"【服务器自动巡检告警】\n{content}" } } try: response = requests.post(WEBHOOK_URL, data=json.dumps(data), headers=headers) result =response.json() if response.status_code == 200: print("钉钉消息发送成功！！！") else: print(f"发送失败，错误码：{response.status_code}") except Exception as e: print(f"网络请求出错：{e}") def check_disk_usage(): """检查磁盘使用率""" hostname = socket.gethostname() disk_info = psutil.disk_usage('/') percent = disk_info.percent print(f"当前磁盘使用率：{percent}") #设置一个合理的磁盘空间"报警值" if percent > 80: msg = f"主机名：{hostname}\n状态：磁盘空间不足\n当前使用率：{percent}%\n请及时清理日志或扩容！！！" send_dingtalk_msg(msg) else: print("磁盘状态正常") if __name__ == "__main__": check_disk_usage() 设置crontab定时脚本： #编辑脚本 crontab -e #添加： 0 * * * * /to/your/venv/bin/python /to/your/DingDing.py #完成后会出现新安装的提示 #如果想要测试的话还是直接用： python3 /to/your/DingDing.py

March 31, 2026

SSH安全密钥设置

==SSH开放高位端口以及免密钥匙登录== 极度重要提示：在进行以下操作时，请务必全程保持当前 SSH 连接不断开！所有的测试请在新开的终端窗口中进行。如果配置有误，你可以使用未断开的原窗口进行修改挽救，否则你可能会被彻底锁在服务器外面。以下是完整的操作步骤：第一步：确保你已经配置好了密钥登录在禁用密码登录之前，你必须确保密钥登录已经可以成功使用。如果你在本地还没有生成过密钥，请在本地电脑终端执行： ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your_email@example.com" 将公钥上传到服务器（把 user 和 ip 换成你的服务器账号和IP）： ssh-copy-id user@ip 测试密钥登录：新开一个终端，输入 ssh user@ip，如果不需要输入密码就能直接登入，说明密钥配置成功。第二步：修改 SSH 配置文件在服务器上，使用你熟悉的编辑器（如 vim 或 nano）编辑 sshd 服务器端配置文件：

March 21, 2026

Docker简单配置

Docker配置命令： # 1）先清理冲突包 dnf remove y podmandocker podman runc # 2）安装仓库管理工具 dnf y install dnfpluginscore # 3）添加 Docker 官方 RHEL 仓库 dnf configmanager addrepo https://download.docker.com/linux/rhel/dockerce.repo # 4）安装 Docker dnf y install dockerce dockercecli containerd.io dockerbuildxplugin dockercomposeplugin # 5）启动并设置开机自启 systemctl enable now docker # 6）验证 docker version docker info 这条路径和 Docker 官方给 RHEL 8/9/10 的安装方式一致；Rocky 的官方文档也给出了相同的仓库地址和安装包组合。 # 阶段 1：认识镜像 docker search nginx docker pull nginx docker images # 阶段 2：跑第一个容器 docker run d name mynginx p 80:80 nginx docker ps docker logs f mynginx docker exec it mynginx bash # 阶段 3：理解生命周期 docker stop mynginx docker start mynginx docker rm f mynginx # 阶段 4：练习镜像管理 docker image inspect nginx docker image save nginx > nginx.tar docker image load i nginx.tar docker rmi nginx 报错点（环境被污染）：

March 20, 2026

FTP办公挂载文件夹

搭建服务器的FTP文件夹挂载在win上简单介绍： FTP（VSFTP）类unix系统使用的FTP服务器软件安全，高速，稳定 vim /etc/services 查端口 20 传数据；21 传指令 FTP会话通道： 20数据通道：正文 21控制通道：敲门，输密码，发指令主动模式： C随机开高位端口&发给S，Server通过20端口与Client连接&发数据被动模式(passive)：相对的 S开放随机高位端口&发给C,然后等待Client连接配置实现： dnf install vsftpd y systemctl start vsftpd systemctl status vsftpd firewallcmd permanent addservice=ftp firewallcmd reload vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf local_enables=YES write_enables=YES setenforce 0 大功告成！！！最后： win 下资源管理器输入： ftp：//虚拟机IP

March 20, 2026